Are N95 Masks the Best Protection Against Volcanic Ash?

TEMPO.CO, Jakarta - As volcanic ash from Mount Anak Krakatau spreads across parts of Indonesia, health experts are urging residents to protect their lungs, with N95 masks offering the highest level of protection among commonly available masks.

But people should not assume that an N95 mask is the only option. Any mask can provide more protection than going without one, according to the Indonesian Lung Doctors Association (PDPI).

"Any type of mask provides better protection than not wearing a mask at all," Feni Fitriani Taufik, head of PDPI's Tobacco Working Group and a member of its Occupational and Environmental Lung Working Group, told Antara in Jakarta on Monday, September 7.

How effective are N95 masks against volcanic ash?

N95 masks offer the strongest protection because they are designed to create a close seal around the face, limiting gaps between the mask and the cheeks, Feni said.

The level of protection also depends on how the mask is worn. An N95 mask needs to fit properly and remain securely positioned over the nose and mouth to minimize leakage.

However, wearing an N95 for extended periods can feel uncomfortable for some people, with some describing the sensation as similar to having their breathing restricted.

For this reason, Feni advised people to choose a mask that provides a practical balance between protection and comfort.

"Every mask has its advantages and disadvantages. Choose one that suits you. Wearing any type of mask still offers more protection than wearing none at all," she said.

Can food or drinks protect the lungs?

There is no specific food or drink that can protect the lungs from volcanic ash, Feni said.

Instead, people should focus on basic measures that support their overall health, including getting enough rest, eating nutritious food, drinking plenty of water, and avoiding smoking and vaping.

People should also limit outdoor activities when volcanic ash is present and keep doors and windows closed to prevent ash from entering their homes.

What to do if you must go outside

People who have to go outdoors while volcanic ash is in the air should wear a mask and protect their eyes with glasses or protective eyewear, Feni said.

Clothing exposed to ash should be washed separately from other clothes. People should also shower as soon as possible after returning indoors to remove ash from their skin and hair.

Volcanic ash consists of extremely fine particles of rock, minerals, and volcanic glass released during an eruption. Some particles are small enough to fall within the PM10 and PM2.5 categories, allowing them to travel deep into the respiratory system.

Exposure can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat and may cause coughing, sneezing, and sore throats.

When inhaled into the lungs, volcanic ash can worsen asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory conditions. It can also contribute to bronchitis and acute respiratory infections.

"Prolonged exposure at high concentrations can impair lung function. Vulnerable groups such as children, older people, pregnant women, and people with lung or heart conditions face a higher risk of serious effects," Feni said.

Why volcanic ash is different from ordinary dust

Volcanic ash is not simply dust produced by an eruption. Its particles can be extremely fine and abrasive, allowing them to penetrate deep into the respiratory tract.

This makes reducing exposure particularly important when ash levels are high. For people with existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions, children, older adults, and pregnant women, staying indoors and minimizing exposure can be especially important.

For those who must travel or work outdoors, combining respiratory protection with eye protection, reducing time spent outside, and cleaning exposed clothing and skin afterward can help limit exposure.